835 research outputs found
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The Texas Spoofing Test Battery: Toward a Standard for Evaluating GPS Signal Authentication Techniques
A battery of recorded spoofing scenarios has been compiled
for evaluating civil Global Positioning System (GPS) signal
authentication techniques. The battery can be considered
the data component of an evolving standard meant to
define the notion of spoof resistance for commercial GPS
receivers. The setup used to record the scenarios is described.
A detailed description of each scenario reveals
readily detectable anomalies that spoofing detectors could target to improve GPS securityAerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanic
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A Testbed for Developing and Evaluating GNSS Signal Authentication Techniques
An experimental testbed has been created for developing
and evaluating Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
signal authentication techniques. The testbed advances the state
of the art in GNSS signal authentication by subjecting candidate
techniques to the strongest publicly-acknowledged GNSS spoofing
attacks. The testbed consists of a real-time phase-coherent GNSS
signal simulator that acts as spoofer, a real-time softwaredefined
GNSS receiver that plays the role of defender, and
post-processing versions of both the spoofer and defender. Two
recently-proposed authentication techniques are analytically and
experimentally evaluated: (1) a defense based on anomalous
received power in a GNSS band, and (2) a cryptographic
defense against estimation-and-replay-type spoofing attacks. The
evaluation reveals weaknesses in both techniques; nonetheless,
both significantly complicate a successful GNSS spoofing attackAerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanic
Analyzing the Atmospheric Conditions that Caused Two Unexpected Tornado Events
On May 25, 2016 and July 7, 2016, two individual tornadic storms occurred near Chapman, Kansas and Eureka, Kansas. Neither of these tornadic storms was forecast to occur by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Storm Prediction Center (SPC). In this research project, data from several online sources were analyzed to identify the atmospheric conditions around the times and near the concerned areas where the tornadoes spawned. Identifying and understanding the causes of these tornadoes will help future meteorologists better predict possible tornadoes in the future. Data was obtained from meteorological maps of surface pressure, temperature, dew-point temperature, wind speed and direction at the surface and aloft, and atmospheric soundings from nearby weather balloon locations. Areas of low pressure, cold fronts, warm fronts, dry-lines were identified by the process of analyzing the meteorological maps. Other atmospheric conditions that lead to the organization of the thunderstorms related to the tornadoes were also analyzed; namely, instability, vertical wind shear, moisture, and causes for lifting of air. Afterwards the focus was to determine the severity of the thunderstorms and how the tornadoes formed; doing so allows for the tornadic environments to be analyzed. For the Chapman tornado, the interactions of a new storm that initiated on the western flank of the primary storm likely played a role in the intensity of the tornado at various points along its path. For the Eureka tornado, interactions with the surface warm front likely provided the storm with necessary boundary-layer vorticity to support the tornado
Detection of Rotational Spectral Variation on the M-type asteroid (16) Psyche
The asteroid (16) Psyche is of scientific interest because it contains ~ 1%
of the total mass of the asteroid belt and is thought to be the remnant
metallic core of a protoplanet. Radar observations have indicated the
significant presence of metal on the surface with a small percentage of
silicates. Prior ground-based observations showed rotational variations in the
near-infrared (NIR) spectra and radar albedo of this asteroid. However, no
comprehensive study that combines multi-wavelength data has been conducted so
far. Here we present rotationally resolved NIR spectra (0.7-2.5 microns) of
(16) Psyche obtained with the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility. These data have
been combined with shape models of the asteroid for each rotation phase.
Spectral band parameters extracted from the NIR spectra show that the pyroxene
band center varies from ~ 0.92 to 0.94 microns. Band center values were used to
calculate the pyroxene chemistry of the asteroid, whose average value was found
to be Fs30En65Wo5. Variations in the band depth were also observed, with values
ranging from 1.0 to 1.5%. Using a new laboratory spectral calibration we
estimated an average orthopyroxene content of 6+/-1%. The mass-deficit region
of Psyche, which exhibits the highest radar albedo, also shows the highest
value for spectral slope and the minimum band depth. The spectral
characteristics of Psyche suggest that its parent body did not have the typical
structure expected for a differentiated body or that the sequence of events
that led to its current state was more complex than previously thought.Comment: 21 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables, published in The Astronomical Journa
Polygon Intersection-over-Union Loss for Viewpoint-Agnostic Monocular 3D Vehicle Detection
Monocular 3D object detection is a challenging task because depth information
is difficult to obtain from 2D images. A subset of viewpoint-agnostic monocular
3D detection methods also do not explicitly leverage scene homography or
geometry during training, meaning that a model trained thusly can detect
objects in images from arbitrary viewpoints. Such works predict the projections
of the 3D bounding boxes on the image plane to estimate the location of the 3D
boxes, but these projections are not rectangular so the calculation of IoU
between these projected polygons is not straightforward. This work proposes an
efficient, fully differentiable algorithm for the calculation of IoU between
two convex polygons, which can be utilized to compute the IoU between two 3D
bounding box footprints viewed from an arbitrary angle. We test the performance
of the proposed polygon IoU loss (PIoU loss) on three state-of-the-art
viewpoint-agnostic 3D detection models. Experiments demonstrate that the
proposed PIoU loss converges faster than L1 loss and that in 3D detection
models, a combination of PIoU loss and L1 loss gives better results than L1
loss alone (+1.64% AP70 for MonoCon on cars, +0.18% AP70 for RTM3D on cars, and
+0.83%/+2.46% AP50/AP25 for MonoRCNN on cyclists)
Recent Developments in Federal Income Taxation: The Year 2013
This recent developments outline discusses, and provides context to understand the significance of, the most important judicial decisions and administrative rulings and regulations promulgated by the Internal Revenue Service and Treasury Department during 2013 – and sometimes a little farther back in time if we find the item particularly humorous or outrageous. Most Treasury Regulations, however, are so complex that they cannot be discussed in detail and, anyway, only a devout masochist would read them all the way through; just the basic topic and fundamental principles are highlighted – unless one of us decides to go nuts and spend several pages writing one up. This is the reason that the outline is getting to be as long as it is. Amendments to the Internal Revenue Code generally are not discussed except to the extent that (1) they are of major significance, (2) they have led to administrative rulings and regulations, (3) they have affected previously issued rulings and regulations otherwise covered by the outline, or (4) they provide Dan and Marty the opportunity to mock our elected representatives; again, sometimes at least one of us goes nuts and writes up the most trivial of legislative changes. The outline focuses primarily on topics of broad general interest (to us, at least) – income tax accounting rules, determination of gross income, allowable deductions, treatment of capital gains and losses, corporate and partnership taxation, exempt organizations, and procedure and penalties. It deals summarily with qualified pension and profit sharing plans, and generally does not deal with international taxation or specialized industries, such as banking, insurance, and financial services
Recent Developments in Federal Income Taxation: The Year 2007
This recent developments outline discusses, and provides context to understand the significance of, the most importnat judicial decisions and administrative rulings and regulations and promulgated by the Internal Revenue Service and Treasury Department during 2007- and sometimes a little farther back in time if we find the item particulary humourous or outrageous. Most Treasury Regulations, houever, are so complex that they cannot be dicussed in detail and, anyway, only a devout masochist would read them all the way through; just the basic topic and fundamental principles are highlighted. Admendmentsto the Internal Revenue Code generally are not dicussed except to the extent the (1) they are of major significance, (2) they have led to administrative rulings and regulations, (3) they have affected previously issued rullings and regulations otherwise covered by the outline, or (4) they provide Dana nd Marty the opprotunity to mock our elected representatives. The outline focuses primarily on topics of broad general interst (to the three of us, at least)-income tax accounting rules determination of gross income, allowable deductions, treatment of capital gains and losses, corporate and partnership taxation, exempt organizations, and procedure and penalties. It deals summarily with qualified pension and profit sharing plans, and generally does not deal with international taxation or specialized industries, such as banking, insurance, and finacial services. Please read this outline at your own risk, we take no responsibility for an misinformation in it, whether accasioned by our advancing ages or our increasing indifference as to whether we get any particular item right. Any mistakes in this outline are Marty\u27s responsibility; any political bias or offensive language is Ira\u27s; and any useful information is Dan\u27s
Recent Developments in Federal Income Taxation: The Year 2012
This recent developments outline discusses, and provides context to understand the significance of, the most important judicial decisions and administrative rulings and regulations promulgated by the Internal Revenue Service and Treasury Department during the most recent twelve months - and sometimes a little farther back in time if we find the item particularly humorous or outrageous. Most Treasury Regulations, however, are so complex that they cannot be discussed in detail and, anyway, only a devout masochist would read them all the way through; just the basic topic and fundamental principles are highlighted - unless one of us decides to go nuts and spend several pages writing one up. This is the reason that the outline is getting to be as long as it is. Amendments to the Internal Revenue Code generally are not discussed except to the extent that (1) they are of major significance, (2) they have led to administrative rulings and regulations, (3) they have affected previously issued rulings and regulations otherwise covered by the outline, or (4) they provide Dan and Marty the opportunity to mock our elected representatives; again, sometimes at least one of us goes nuts and writes up the most trivial of legislative changes. The outline focuses primarily on topics of broad general interest (to the three of us, at least) - income tax accounting rules, determination of gross income, allowable deductions, treatment of capital gains and losses, corporate and partnership taxation, exempt organizations, and procedure and penalties. It deals summarily with qualified pension and profit sharing plans, and generally does not deal with international taxation or specialized industries, such as banking, insurance, and financial services. Please read this outline at your own risk; we take no responsibility for any misinformation in it, whether occasioned by our advancing ages or our increasing indifference as to whether we get any particular item right. Any mistakes in this outline are Marty\u27s responsibility; any political bias or offensive language is Ira\u27s; and Dan is just irresponsible
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